The Spread Of Islam Across The Globe Essay Example for Free

The Spread Of Islam Across The Globe EssayInadvertently, there is no doubt that Islam is one of the widely cattle farm religion in the world, with followers spanning crosswise the globe. There are to a greater extent Christians converting to Islam than there are Islamics converting to Christianity. The pattern and the fastity with which Islam pervade over snip has been a point of interest to most scholars with every manner of theories being in the fore to explain this phenomenon. Looking at how Islam is mapped protrude indicates that in addition to other factors, environmental determinism and communication played a major(ip) role. The spread of Islam can be traced back to the death of Prophet Muhammad. His death prompted the rise of the Arab empire and later the creation of Muslim dynasties spanning over the oculus eastern hemisphere, North and air jacket Africa. Indeed a study of the initial spread of Islam is compounded by the lack of proper objective documentation an d in any case the contrary theories being fronted by scholars. However, many recognize that the spread of this religion took place in microscope stages. The first phase was during the fist century of Islam as spread by Muhammad.This was an era characterized by Muslim conquests of the alive empires which were reoriented towards Islam. invoice has it that the initial spread of Muslim whimls was non emphasized on conversion but rather on subordination of the polytheistic societies at the outset, they were hostile to conversions because new Muslims diluted the economic status advantages of the Arabs. (Ira, 2002, 200) However, Islam became instantly popular as it was offering a new social order it was providing an alternative to the existing political and religious identity.The governing body of the Arab empire in addition made Islam an attractive venture to the elements of the former Byzantine and Sasanian aristocracies, including soldiers, officials, landlords, and others (I ra, 2002, 200). With time though, the notion that Islam was an exclusive Arab affair would be diminished by the formation of a religious doctrine, this opened the doors to mass conversions. Mosques and schools were built popularizing the religion and building a competitive front to the Christians and the Jews. The second phase was characterized by the formation of Islamic disciplines, establishing a body of Islamic philosophy and law.It is this era that would witness the spread of Islam to Africa and also in central Asia. From here, Islam would spread gradually to the rest of the world. Theories abound over the rapid spread of Islam across the globe. The most prominent theory and which has been largely push aside forceful conversion. This theory was informed by the early days of the spread of Islam which were characterized by Mohammed forming an army of Muslims to conquer medina. It is also formed by images and stories of an Arab horseman wielding a sword and a Quran.Indeed, the co nquest of North Africa was a result of militarization. Due to its proximity to the Middle East, North Africa had been mapped out as a possible rule where Islam could be spread barely a few decades after the death pf Mohammad. Before its conquest, North Africa was largely under the Christian Byzantines. The Arabs made their inroads by establishing war machine bases in Tunisia (then referred to as Qayrawan). Islam from here was spread to the native Berbers. The conversion of the Berbers meant that the Arab forces were strengthened and used to conquer Spain as well as some parts of France.The existing institutions of the Byzantine Empire were removed after the conquest of the Constantinople. From here, the Arab forces progressed to Iran and Asia conquering the existing empires and although they did not establish permanent residents, they instated societal changes that were conducive to the survival of Islam. It is important to pick up that these early campaigns were carried out by th e Umayyads, under Umar, the second caliph having taken over from Abu Bakr who was the immediate successor of Mohammad.The Umayyads are seen as having played a major role in the early expansion of Islam finished what is referred to as jihad. Their master(prenominal) aim was to conquer, plunder and establish as system of taxation that would benefit the Arabs. It is these incidences that father continued to fuel criticism against Muslims especially by western scholars who maintain that the spread of Islam has been as a result of violence (Frances, 2009, 37). It is important to point out that the theory of labored conversion has largely been dis assign. This is not to mean that history is not rife with other incidences of forced conversions.Christianity and Islam are two religions that have been recognised as at one moment in their history propagated the use of violence to spread and defend the faith, this has remained a controversy and also a contradiction as the two religions are deeply anchored in the ideals of peace and condemnation of violence. The spread of Islam in Bengal has aroused much interest with most leaning towards forced conversion as the reason behind it. The spread of Islam across north and West Africa is also seen as having been fuelled by violence meted out against the locals in the conjure up to establish a new political order.Razia (1992, 2) has critically examined this observing that the sword theory can only be a partial explanation of an exceedingly complex process that has resulted in the spread of Islam. The initial process of the spread of Islam lay on the breakdown of the social and religious structures of non-Muslim communities in the tenth to the ordinal centuries. (Ira, 2002, 200). This was created animosity and hostility between the Muslims and the non Muslims, leading to the destruction of the existing social and communal organizations.The resultant collapse of order in the society would see Muslims leaders initiate reco nstruction schemes that would see the rise of a new societal beliefs and identities. Major aspects of the spread of Islam are environmental determinism and communication. Environmental determinism is a theory propagating the idea that culture is determined by the physical conditions and not by social conditions as had priory been believed. This was a conclusion that was reached by a cross examination of different cultures, the behaviors and attitudes of those people in relation to physical factors such as climate and topography.It is a similar line of thinking that has been used to analyze the spread of Islam globally, as Holt et al (1977, 443) observes there is a closer relationship between Islam and its geographical setting, than that of any other of the great monotheistic religions. A critical analysis of the spread and expansion of Islam reveals one succinct feature it has largely been laid out in the arid zones and on the major sea routes. As scholars have observed, the rapid spread of Islam can be seen to have occurred along trade routes. The spread of Islam to major parts of Africa has been closely looked into.Due to its geographic proximity to the Middle East, a few decades after the death of Muhammad, Islam had been expanded to the northern Africa this would be followed by a push into Spain resulting to Islam spreading across three continents globally. This fast spread has been credited to trade and geographic positioning more than to anything else. The initial spread of Islam was done finished military conquest but the later expansion was done through frontiers. A look at the medieval era indicates that the major sea and land routes were in the preserve of the Muslim merchants.There is evidence that Islam was spread along those routes, as Michael has concurred, at the time, the leading edges of this expansion were rapidly moving southward along both the east and west coasts of Africa, northeastward into central Asia, and southeastward through Ind ia into the Indonesian archipelago. (2004, 24) North African traders are credited for having spread Islam to West Africa and later to the south of Sahara. The spread of Islam to Africa took place in three phases. The first phase saw the growth of Muslim communities that lived along the trade routes.Then, there was a clear correlation between Islam and distance trade. There were clear incentives given to the merchants that enabled them to deliver out trade better than the non Muslims. The 12th century saw increased spread of Islam in Africa due to the increased contacts between the two. Merchant scholars were fast seemly advisors in some of the African kingdoms and consolidation between Africans and the Muslims was taken to a higher level. In the second phase, Islam would cease to be confined in the shores of the Indian oceans and along trade routes into the interior.The early interactions of the Muslim scholars with the some of the African kings led to a fast spread of Islam. Th ere is evidence of a number of empires that to the full embraced Islam and lorded over their subjects. The Mali Empire is a distinct example of this. Initially, Islam, for it to be acceptable to the natives had to be blended with the local traditions. The third phase of the spread of Islam in Africa was through a holy war, a jihad initiated by the Muslims to conquer the waning influence of the pagans.This led to the growth of communities that fully embraced Islam. The nineteenth century in West Africa was characterized with jihads this was an era that would see the emergence of strong African Muslim leaders such as Samouri Toure. By the time colonialism was being instituted, Islam had already gained roots that not even the anti slavery campaigns could reduce the growing influence. One factor still remains in Africa Islam remains the main religion in areas that acted as the major trade routes, which coincidentally were along the ocean shores.In Africa, as well as in the Middle East, areas dominated by Islam are seen as containing similar geographic and climatic features. Communication is also a major factor that fuelled the rapid spread of Islam. This is in terms of the use of Arab as the main language of Islam thus enhancing interaction and integration of the various converted groups. A look at the history of Arabic reveals that before the onset of Islam, it was regarded as a minor group of the Semitic language. Currently, Arabic is the holy language through which Islamic message was delivered.The use of Arabic has led to the fast spread of Islam as it has seen the converted being inculcated into the ways and culture of the Arabs. The power of communication can also be seen in the way that the initial Muslim frontiers carried the message across. different the Christians who formed associations and movements to propagate their Christian beliefs, Islam relied on informal processes such as the formation of business partnerships and political affiliations, as we ll as through intermarriage. (Michael, 2004, 24) This meant that the Muslim frontiers formed tighter ties with the locals enhancing the further spread of Islam. The power of the message passed across was also a major factor in the rapid spread of Islam. Before the approach path of Islam, majority of the societies had loosely organized political systems with individuals being locked in their own tribal cocoons with no prospects of interaction with the outside world. Islam however sought to establish a new order the growth of successful states in the Middle East was being used as a good enough reason to exponent for the spread of Islam civilization.Islam hence was being seen holding the key to civilization and was soon being identified with leaders and the elites in the society. As Ira has mentioned, Islam became the religion of tribal peoples and merchant group seeking economic integration, and state elites seeking consolidated political power. (2002, 205) Islam presented new idea ls, a shift from the past and would see the quest for the formation of new states and the shift from animistic and polytheistic traditional religions to modernity which became characterized by modernism.Islam was seen as bringing in a new social identity. Indeed, the rapid spread of Islam is a major a topic drawing various views from scholars and pundits. The traditional held view that it was through violence and coercion that the faith has been able to expand globally has been long disputed. Though there is evidence especially in the medieval era when the holy war was used as an instrument of conquest, there is more to this as Christianity also used crusaders in its expansionary mission. Environmental determinism and communication are seen as major factors.A look at the spread of Islam indicates a received pattern, though it is globally spread, it is mainly concentrated in middle east, some parts of Europe, central Asia, northern and western Africa. These are areas that border the Middle East and are situated along the major trade routes. The geographical factor of the spread of Islam has remained a key interest. The use of a common language and the extension service of Arabic as the holy language through which the holy message was delivered is also a major factor as it has eased communication and integration of Muslims worldwide.ReferencesRazia A. B. (1992) Islam in Bangladesh. BRILL. Michael F. (2004) Islam in world cultures comparative perspectives. ABC-CLIO, Timothy I. (2003) The archaeology of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press, Holt P. M et al. (1977) The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press, Ira M. L. (2002) A history of Islamic societies. Cambridge University Press, Frances O. (2009) History of Islam. The Rosen Publishing Group,

My Chosen Ethical Framework Essay Example for Free

My Chosen Ethical Frame massage EssayIn the field of charitable Services a worker is faced with ethical dilemmas on a everyday basis. In some cases,a client may want to make choices that may not be in their best interest. As Harry and Mahoney (1999) stated the paramount goal of valet de chambre service workers is to enable passel to live to a greater extent satisfying,more autonomous,and more productive lives, through utilizing societys k straightawayledge,resources,and technological innovations. However, this is not always an easy task.The NOHS preamble states Characterized particularly by an appreciation of human beings in all in all of their diversity, human services offers assistance to its clients within the context of their community and environment. Human service professionals and educators uphold the integrity and ethics of the profession, partake in constructive criticism of the profession, further client and community well-being, and enhance their consume profe ssional growth. (Ethical standards for, 1996)However, as we look closely at this preamble we can see that it may cause its own ethical dilemmas especially in the field of crackpotion. What choices does a addictive professional make when the community and environment that the client lives in is filled with drugs,violence, and crime. It is not un deally, for an addict to seek help,having no support because family has lost all trust, being poor, vulnerable,and depressed.They may not see anyway out of an abusive relationship and may accommodate even contemplated suicide. They may be a single parent or both partners are using with the child in the home. It is in these circumstances that they do not live the self determination to make the right decisions. While the client has the right to self determination, the counselor has a decision to make like suggesting hospitalization or if there is children living in the situation contacting D. S. S, which violates the clients confidentiality. According to W. D. Ross we are faced with conflicting Prima Facie duties, because of the terms one is doing to themselves or others, we now have a legal duty to report it and violate our clients confidentiality, privacy and intervene for their own safety or the childs. Therefore Locus-Aggregative Utilitarianism theory,under Teleology could be the alone solution for me, because I agree with the philosophy of maximizing the greater good amongst greater amount of people.By using this ethical framework I have now protected the client or the child by removing them from a harmful situation, protected myself and I have protected my agency from legalities. In fact, it is this theory in which I try to live by in my everyday life. I have been married for over 16 years and have 3 children. I always teach my children that their actions they take affects not only them but the community as well. The community may be in the raise or in society. To always look for the greater good in everything they do.I have been known to take people into my home because it benefited them. Of course, things didnt always work out right but it still didnt stop me from doing the greater good,So I am definitely, Locus-Aggregative in which maximize the greater good amongst greater amount of people and I dont see me changing these values as I enter into the field of addiction. I would also state that I would follow by wager Utilitarianism because I believe it is important to violate my clients confidentiality in order to protect them,their child, the agency, and myself.While I may lose their trust, if they receive the help they need whence then I have done the greater good. Therefore, the preamble to follow the teleology would be as follows Human Services is to provide the most good with the least harm to the client and all those who have been affected by their disease, offer assistance to its clients within the context of their community and environment (NOSH) when there is the least harm A ddiction professionals,licensed/certified treatment providers,recognize that the ability to do well is based on an underlying concern for the well-being of others.This concern emerges from recognition that we are all stakeholders in each others lives the well-being of each is intimately bound to the well-being of all when the happiness of some is purchased by the unhappiness of others, the stage is set for the bereavement of all. Addiction professionals must act in such a way that they would have no embarrassment if their behavior became a matter of public fellowship and would have no difficulty defending their actions before any competent authority.

NVQ and Competence - Essay Essay Example for Free

NVQ and Competence Essay EssayIn this supporting paper to the presentation, the purpose, the nature and the advantages and disadvantages of NVQ will be stated and analysed cultivation with a conclusion as to whether to follow a NVQ or not. The definition of an NVQ is A statement of competence clearly relevant to work and intended to aid entry into, or progression in, employment and further encyclopedism, issued to an individual by a recognized awarding body. A national vocational aptitude (NVQ) is a collection of vocational qualifications (previously unstructured), which have been integrated into a single assessment standard. This has been done in order to have a nationally recognised level of academic achievement which modifys employees to have a clearer level of each job appli buttts respective competency. Competency can be delimitate as- An underlying characteristic of a person which results in effective and/or superior performance in a job (Boyatis 1982, p21)Due to th e strenuous promotion by the Learning Skills Councils, (LSCs) and the Department for Education and Employment the majority of vocational qualifications are either part of the NVQ scheme, and in the rare occasion that it isnt, or so commonly when the qualification is of different nature of those offered by the NVQ syllabus, the qualification will have its equivalence identified to its respective, specific, level of the NVQ system in order for those across the nation (familiar with the NVQs) can have more clarity as to where such candidates stand on the level of competency. NVQs have been developed to suit all occupational areas, with each occupational area there are eight levels with the NVQ system to complete to attain full competency. This is structured in such a personal manner that level one is the most basic and level eight, the most advanced level of NVQ.The ideal situation of training for competence is done by the aspect of the development of candidates abilities to perf orm the specific tasks which coincide directly with the nature of the job in its respective department, in terms of performance results (grading), with specific indicators. NVQs have primarily been developed with the purpose to serve as a reaction to the confetti-scattering style of training which is sometimes carried place by some establishments e.g. a company which sends their round on off-the-job training with just the objective to learn one particular skill. This training style results in the candidates becoming one-dimensional, out-of-pocket tohaving a limited acquaintance of skills. NVQs have, in fact been developed in order to give these candidates a more rounded knowledge, thus enabling them to be more versatile, efficient in their respective job positions.The design of NVQ has been structured in such a way that in each of the eight levels, there are mandatory and nonobligatory roles (or facultys) these are comprised of a collection of several units, those of which ar e to be completed to be able to progress onto the succeeding level. The table beneath can be used in aid to understand the structural layout of each level in NVQ. at that place are several advantageous principles adopted by the NVQ system. These accept- 1.The NVQ qualifications are open access in the sense that no prior professional attainment or experience, nor qualifications are required, each candidate will be categorised level (1-8) after a means of analysis (be it a test or a review of current skills/ experience currently obtained). 2.The focus-based learning format of the NVQs. Progression from one level to next is based on when the criteria to advance has been met, this can be as quick or yen as the individual will take to learn, opposed to other(a) assessment standards where the timescale restricts the learner to learn in its set time. An example of this is that it is impossible to complete a conquers Degree quicker than in a year. 3.Flexibility is a key aspect of NVQs, as they are not generally attendance based in conjunction with the focus based learning aspect of the qualification where the learner can take as long/short as they want.This also enables candidates to reach out with their respective business demands of their external employment, in conjunction with following NVQs. 4.School Integration is available to the NVQs (GNVQs), this enables candidates to have early access to the hands on approach, which runs alongside other assessment standards (e.g. An alternative run in the same centres as A levels etc.), thus showing equivalence in value and progression routes, thus well-favoured more viable options to the candidates). 5.Portfolio based work proves to prospective employees that a track record is available showing day to day skills being learnt, thus proving the levels of understanding and competence of each candidate. 6.Prior Accreditation being put into consideration as to which level they will be categorised, enables the candidate t o use theirqualifications/experience regard slight of where from, as long as relevant (i.e. A-levels, training at work etc., enabling an individual to start in a more advanced level).NVQs also have a few disadvantageous aspects when following their assessment standards, these include. 1.Labour intensive nature of assessment there is a treat of practical work undergone in the NVQs 2.More focus in gaining evidence than actual learning, lack of cognitive learning amongst candidates. As most of the proof (to validate competency level) is done via the production of a portfolio and the presenting of a track-record , this can easily turn into a paper-chase rather than the actual focus on the learning processes of the qualification. The also, going through the motion nature of the NVQ can also enable the candidate to not be able to reason, simply performing tasks without having true understanding. 3.Quality of assessment can, due to the large numbers of assessors, have a large division as the marking of each individual can differ. Especially with the different interpretations of some of the jargon developed by the NVQs assessment grading schemes4.Partial Competence due to selection of optional modules/ reduced definitions and details, as each candidate can choose their modules in the option roles category and each module having different aspects and natures, the candidate may be subject to effectively not gaining an entire knowledge in their respective occupational fields. An example of this would be (referring to table above) where each module has a code which labels the nature of the unit. Take C5, With C symbolising say, Managing Self and Personal Skills, one opting out of such a unit, could prove to give them less than the complete set of skills an NVQ could offer, thus lowering competence.To conclude, NVQs are a system devised by the government to help those in various situations, both academically and professionally in order to make them more competent in thei r respective field in a nationally recognised manner to potential employers. There are a range of advantages and disadvantages to the candidates as well as the employers, such as not having to follow a timescale in learning and also in not receiving a full knowledge due to optional module selection, but as to whether one should be followedor not, according to the studies that have been carried, out should go hand in hand in the individuals situation.. For instance, one that is currently employed may not be able to dedicate a lot of time to their qualification course, would suit an NVQ whereas, an individual wishing to say, be a medical doctor, a career where having extensive knowledge of their occupational area is vital, would not suit following an NVQ course, where modules are optional and perhaps having reduced knowledge.Bibliography1.Armstrong,M(2012)Armstrongs Handbook Of Human imaginativeness Management Practice, 11th edition, Philadelphia Kogan Page Limited. 2.Hall,L. Taylor, S. Torrington, D. (2008) Human Resource Management, 7th Edition. Pp. 399-407 3.Blosi,W.(2007)An Introduction To Human Resource Management, London McGraw-Hill Education 4.Marchington,M. Wilkinson, A. (2005) Human Resource Management At Work People and development, London hire Institute of Personnel and Development 5.Lundy,O. Cowling, AG, (1996)Strategic Human Resource Management, London Routledge

Fungal And Bacterial Amylase During Starch Breakdown Biology Essay

fungal And Bacterial Amylase During Starch Breakdown biological science EssayThe lab conducted focused on examining the effects of temperature on the ability of fungal and bacterial amylase to segmentation amylum to maltose, and determine the temperature at which these two amylases work best, which is known as optimum temperature.The experimental part of the lab consisted in cathode-ray oscilloscope up the utensils that were going to be used during the actual experiment. During this section test tubes were labeled, and spot cuticles were outrankd in temperature/ m table created. For the second section of the experiment, tincture of iodine was placed in apiece row of the spot plates for each temperatures, and the solutions in the test tubes( bacterial , fungal amylase and amylum mixture) were tot uped to those same spots were iodine was added, depending on the time and the temperature corresponding to each amylase. The best temperature was deducted by observing the color change in the spot plates and comparing them with a color-coding scheme for stiffen hydrolysis.Conclusions for this undertaking were reached by analyzing the info collected by each group, which suggests that a change in temperature disturbs the activity of enzyme amylase. When exposed to low and high temperatures, these enzymes were not able to usage properly, therefore, reducing or eliminating their ability to breakdown certain compounds, especially starch. Enzymes need maintain at a certain temperature to be able to function at its optimal.IntroductionEnzymes be complex proteins produced by all living organisms with the function of enhancing chemical reactions through a process known as catalysis. During this process, the substrates, which are the molecules that result undergo the reaction, curbs to the active site of the enzyme to form different molecules called products. Each active site on the enzyme is unique, yieldting only substrates that match the shape of the acti ve site to bind to the enzyme in a process known as lock and key model, however, active sites are able to adjust their shape to permit the binding with a substrate through the induced fit model, which moves entire protein domains (Raven et al., 2008 Ringe Petsko, 2008 Whitehurst Van Oort, 2009).Catalysts, like enzymes, work by reducing the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to take place by linking two substrates in the correct orientation or by accentuating chemical bonds of a substrate, which reduces the energy difference betwixt reactants and transition state. Enzymes are not consumed or changed during the reaction and they do not alter the equilibrium of the reactions they catalyze (Garcia et al, 2004 Raven et al., 2008 Whitehurst Van Oort, 2009 Alberte et al., 2012).The activity of enzymes is affected by multiple factors, including 1) pH (ranges from pH 6 to 8), 2) temperature (Rate of reaction increases with temperature, but only up to a point called optimum temperature. A change in temperature, e very below or above the optimum, causes the active site to denature, decreasing or preventing substrate binding. When exposed to low temperatures enzymes are not flexible enough to permit induce fit, and in high temperatures enzymes are too weak to maintain their shape.), 3) substrate concentration (If amount of enzyme is preserved constant and substrate concentration is little by little increased, the reaction velocity will increase until it reaches a maximum. After this point increasing substrate concentration will not increase the rate of reaction), 4) allosteric inhibitors and activators (Inhibitors are substances that bind to an enzyme and decreases its activity, and they can occur in two ways competitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors. Effectors that enhance enzyme activity are referred to as allosteric activators, which bid to allosteric sites to keep an enzyme in its active configuration), and 4) cofactors (Many enzymes req uired the presence of other compounds, called cofactors, which during the catalytic activity, A cofactor can be a coenzyme, a prosthetic group or a alloy ion activator (Harisha, 2006 Raven et al., 2008 Whitehurst Van Oort, 2009).Enzymes have a wide spectrum of functions in the bodies of living organisms they are present from signal transduction to generation of muscle contraction. The also break starch molecules, forming smaller fragments of maltose, which can be easily absorbed by mammals. And it is the ability of enzymes to breakdown starch and the effect of temperature during this process that will be analyzed in the lab (Whitehurst Van Oort, 2009 Alberte et al., 2012), expecting that the results collected confirm that temperature does have an effect in bacterial and fungal amylase activity.MethodsThe experiment should be performed once per group, using fungal (Apergillus oryzae) and bacterial amylase. Starch catalysis will be monitored by using iodine test, which turns from white-livered to rich- mordant in the presence of starch.Experimental SetupPlace a paper under the spot plates and label the top side with temperature values 0,40,60,95 C, and the side with the times 0,2,4,6,8,10 min. Obtain 4 test tubes and label each with a different temperature, enzyme source, either bacterial or fungal and group number. Repeat previous step, but this time include the letter S, which stands for Starch solution. Finally add 5ml of 1.5% starch solution into each of the test tubes labeled S.Effect of temperature in amylase activityAdd 1ml of amylase into each of the test tubes that do not contain starch, and place the 8 test tubes (4 containing starch and 4 containing amylase) into their respective temperatures, allowing all test tubes to equilibrate for 5 minutes. Add 2-3 drops of iodine to the first row of the spot plate corresponding to o minutes. After 5 minutes has passed and test tubes are equilibrated, head a few drops of starch solution from each temperat ure to the row where you added the iodine. teem the starch solution into the tube containing amylase without taking it put of bath, and set the timer for two minutes.Add 2-3 drops of iodine to the second row, and after 2 minutes has passes, transfer a few drops of the starch-amylase mixture from each tube to the 2 minutes row using the pipette correspondent to each temperature. After each special 2 min, add 2-3 drops of iodine and a few drops from starch amylase mixture. At the end of 10 min, note the temperature and the time at which 100% hydrolysis occurred. Repeat the act using the other amylase type, and using the color-coding scheme convert results into numerical values.Results temp (C)0406095Time (min)0555524.3333333.1666673544.1666673.0833332.83333356432.7558432.6833335103.83333332.755 put over 1 Class bonnie for Bacterial Amylase activityAfter all groups performed the experiment, a class data for bacterial amylase was collected. The average of the data was calculate and presented in give in 1, viewing color changes for each temperature.Temp (C)0406095Time (min)0555523.3333332.6666673.166667543.3333332.6666673.083333563.3333332.6666672.833333583.3333332.4166672.8333335103.3333332.4166672.8333335Table 2 Class average out data for fungous Amylase activityAfter all groups performed the experiment, a class data for fungal amylase was collected. The average of the data was calculated and presented in Table 2, showing color changes for each temperature. represent 1 Class Average for Bacterial Amylase activity Graphical RepresentationResults from Table 1 exposed in a graph, showing that all groups optimal temperature for Bacterial amylase is 60CGraph 2 Class Average Data for Fungal Amylase activity Graphical RepresentationResults from Table 2 were exposed in a graph, showing that all groups optimal temperature for Bacterial is 40C enroll 1 twine coding-scheme for starch breakdownStarch hydrolysis color coding scheme is used to determine the optimal te mperature for each amylase during starch breakdown signifier 2 Bacterial amylase activity spot plateGroup number 1 spot plate during bacterial amylase experiment showing the amylase reaction during each temperatureFigure 3 Fungal amylase activity spot plateGroup number 1 spot plate for fungal amylase experiment showing starch breakdown during each temperatureGraph 3 Bacterial Amylase Activity graphical representationBacterial amylase activity data taken from table 1 showing that optimal temperature for this kind of amylase according to group 1 is 60CTemp (C)0406095ColorColorColorColorTime (min)0blue/ disgraceful5blue/black5blue/black5blue/black2blue/black4med dark-brown3.5 arc brown3blue/black4blue/black4light brown3light brown3blue/black6med brown3.5light brown3dark yellow2.5blue/black8med brown3.5light brown3med yellow2blue/black10med brown3.5dark yellow2.5med yellow2blue/blackTable 3 Bacterial Amylase activityGroup 1 recorded color changes for each temperature during breakdown o f starch by bacterial amylase, and it was represented in numerical values by using color coding scheme presented in Figure 1Graph 4 Fungal Amylase Activity graphical representationFungal amylase activity data taken from Table 4 showing that optimal temperature for this kind of amylase according to group 1 is 40 CTemp (C)0406095ColorColorColorColorTime (min)0blue/black5blue/black5blue/black5blue/black2light brown3dark yellow2.5light brown3blue/black4light brown3dark yellow2.5light brown3blue/black6light brown3dark yellow2.5light brown3blue/black8light brown3med yellow2light brown3blue/black10light brown3med yellow2light brown3blue/blackTable 4 Fungal Amylase ActivityGroup 1 recorded color changes for each temperature during breakdown of starch by fungal amylase, and it was represented in numerical values by using color coding scheme presented in Figure 1Temp (C)0406095Time (min)0000020.4082480.2581990040.2581990.2581990.258199060.3162280.3162280.418330080.3162280.3162280.3763860100.5 163980.3162280.4183300Table 5 Class Average Standard Deviation for Bacterial Amylase activityFrom the results from Table 1, the standard deviation was taken, showing that the results collected by each group for Bacterial amylase are penny-pinching to average results.Graph 5 Class Average Standard Deviation for Bacterial Amylase activity Graphical RepresentationData from Table 5 was exposed in a graph, showing that the difference mingled with the mean and the samples collected by each group is minimal.Temp (C)0406095Time (min)0000020.4082480.5163980.68313040.4082480.4082480.66458060.4082480.4082480.68313080.4082480.4915960.683130100.4082480.4498680.683130Table 6 Class Average Standard deviation for Fungal Amylase ActivityFrom the results from Table 2, the standard deviation was taken, showing that the results collected by each group for Bacterial amylase are close to average results.Graph 6 Class Average Standard Deviation graphical RepresentationData from Table 6 was exposed in a graph, showing that the difference between the mean and the samples collected by each group is minimalDiscussionAfter evaluating the results of the experiment, present in Table 1 and 2 it can be concluded that the data provides enough evidence to support the predictions or hypothesis presented in the introduction section that when temperature is not optimal for an enzyme, it will denature or reduce its functions. The results showed that low or high temperatures have an effect in the ability of enzymes to break down starch (Graph 1 and 2). By comparing the results with color coding scheme provided (Figure 1), the optimal temperatures for both amylases were able to be determined. The optimal temperature for the enzyme had a bright yellow color, which meant that the amylase was able to breakdown the starch present in the solution when the solution remained blue-black the enzyme is said to be denature, meaning that it was not capable of breaking down the starch( Figure 2 and 3).The most important parameters taken into account to get the previous results were temperature and time. Looking at the color for the reaction between starch and amylase, by using the Iodine test, it can be concluded that for bacterial amylase, the optimal temperature is 40 C, and this occurs around the 6 minute time. Fungal amylase optimum temperature was reached at 6 minutes time and it was 60 C. All the previous result can be observed in Figure 2 and 3, as well as in Graph 1 to 5Table 5 and 6 show that the results of the experiment are consistent for all lab groups, because the difference between the sample data collected by each individual group and the average of that data is minimal, showing that, the results collected by each group are close very close to be accurate.What parameters of the experimental design were important in the expected (or unexpected) results?The expectations for the experiment concurred with the results, because a previous understanding of enzymes was given in th e lab manual, however, the optimal temperatures were not exactly known because each enzyme works best depending on its environment. For future research, the range in temperature should be more variable, not only including official values, but negative ones. Also, if enzymes sources had more variation, it will provide a better understanding of the optimal conditions and temperature of enzymes.Literature Cited/ References Alberte J., Pitzer T., Calero K. (2012).General Biology Lab Manual / Second Edition. Florida world(prenominal) University The McGraw Hill Companies. Garcia-Viloca M., Gao J., Karplus M. Truhlar D. G.(2004). How Enzymes Work Analysis by Modern Rate Theory and Computer stimulations. Science 303pp. 186-195. Harisha S. (2006). Introduction to Practical Biotechnology. India Laxmi Publications. Raven P., Johnson G. B., Mason K. A., Losos J. B., Singer S. S. (2008). Biology 8th edition. New York The McGraw Hill Companies. Ringe D., Petsko G. A. (2008). How Enzymes Work. S cience 320 pp. 1428. Whitehurst R. J., Van Oort M. (2009). Enzymes in Food Technology Wiley-Blackwell 2nd edition.

Competition in the sportswear industry

Competition in the sportswear industryThis report is al close a competitive analysis watch based on competition in the sportswear industry, dominated by Nike Inc., followed by Adidas and Puma. The article with the title, Competition comes to a Head for World Cup Sponsors was published on The revolutionary York Times on 6th June 2010. This report discuss about the competitive strategies adopted by Nike, as the market leader. Porters five forces of competition framework have been used to analyze the competitive advantage Nike has over its rivals. The objective is to understand the bellicose direct of competition within the industry and also how cockeyeds try to dominate the market, through cost cutting and innovation.Company BackgroundNike Inc. was founded in 1962 by Bill Bowerman and Phil gentle as a partnership under the name, Blue Ribbon Sports. When Nike co-founder Bill Bowerman made this observation many years ago, he was defining how he viewed the eternal possibilities for human potential in sports. He set the tone and direction for a young company created in 1972, called Nike, and today those same words actuate a new generation of Nike employees. Nikes goal is to carry on Bills legacy of innovative thinking, whether to develop increases that help athletes of every level of ability reach their potential, or to create business opportunities that set Nike apart from the competition and provide value for our shareholders. Along the way, Nike has established a strong Brand Portfolio with several wholly-owned subsidiaries including Cole Haan, dialogue Inc., Hurley International LLC, NIKE Golf, and Umbro Ltd.The mission of Nike is to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete* in the world.Nike maintains traditional and non-traditional distribution channels in more than 160 countries targeting its chief(a) market regions United States, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Americas (not including the United States). They utilize over 20,000 retailers, Ni ke factory stores, Nike stores, Nike Towns, Cole Haan stores, and internet-based Web sites to sell their sports and leisure products. Nike Inc. attains their position through quality production, innovative products, and aggressive merchandise.Nike acquired Umbro in 2007. This acquisition indeed became the first decisive marketing goal of World Cup 2010. Nike has 10 World Cup contenders including brazil nut, Portugal, Netherlands, Australia, Slovenia, New Zealand, U.S.A, Korea Republic, Serbia, and the deal with England and Umbro, which Nike maintains as a separate brand. The England and Umbro deal is the most Lucrative in international soccer, valued 34 million ($ 40.7 million) a year according to Sport+Markt, a interrogation firm. This deal was a new determination for Nike to challenge Adidas, the German soccer apparel powerhouse, on its European home ground. Nikes continuing relationship with Brazil is worth 22 million a year.Competitor AnalysisAdidas and Reebok breathing down the companys neck, the heart of the Adidas product line is athletic shoes, but the companys iconic three-stripe logotype appears on apparel and other jock accessories. As the No.2 maker of sporting goods worldwide behind Nike, Adidas has inked deals with football and basketball athletes, as well as the New York Yankees, and it serves golfers through its Taylor Made-Adidas Golf. The company operates some 2,200 retail locations under the Adidas and Reebok banners. Adidas, which boasts the official match ball (named Jabulani) for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, expanded its business and breadth when it bought Reebok for some $3.8 billion.Nikes rival jaguar is another leading sport lifestyle company that designs and develops footwear, apparel and accessories. PUMA starts in Sport and ends in Fashion. In soccer, PUMA is the official supplier to 7 world cup teams including defending world champion Italy, Uruguay, Switzerland, Ghana, Algeria, Cote dIvoire and Cameroon. PUMA Vision states that, we are committed to working in ways that feed to the world by supporting(a) Creativity, Safe Sustainability and Peace, and by staying true to the values of being Fair, Honest, Positive and Creative in decisions made and actions taken.PORTERS FIVE FORCES1. Barriers to EntryThe threat of new entrants to the boodle potential of sports accessory and athletic shoe manufacturers is minimized through high entry barriers. Due to large scale production, high cost on research and development and extremely large capital investment on innovation, factories and stores has made Nike able to control its cost and retain performance advantage over emerging competitors.2. Bargaining Power of customersRelative to the number of firms in the industry there are a large number of buyers in the market with high talk terms power. Therefore in order to increase sales and market share, firms need to continuously market their product and differentiate their brands against competitors. The recent emergence of e-commerce and online shopping has helped compound the accessibility and intimacy among consumers. For example, NikeiD allows customers customize and design their own footwear by permitting customers to specify the desired colours and options to personalize the footwear with their name. Brand identity plays a critical role in the buying behaviours, as it offers customers loyalty and trust.3. Bargaining Power of SuppliersAbundant numbers of input suppliers are available in the sportswear industry. There is little differentiation among the suppliers which makes the suppliers bargaining power low or non -existence. Input items such as Leather, rubber, cotton and plastic are available in large quantities. Nike has a definitive advantage and power over these suppliers when they become dependent on these firms as their means to survive. Nike have standardized their input procedures pertaining to the materials used, their work force, supplies, services and logistics. Due to global ne tworks of cheap labour on various continents, firms are able to wobble between supplies quickly and easily.4. Threats of substitutesDue to little alternatives to switch between, within the sportswear and athletics footwear industry, buyers propensity to substitute is low. For example Nike shoes are designed to improve comfort and personal safety during periods of increase movements. The possible substitutes for footwear could be boots, sandals, bear feet or dress shoes, which however cannot be replaced for sporting purposes or for athletics. Hence, there are no real substitutes.5. warlike Rivalry within the industryThere is countless number of competitors in the global arena for Nike. However not all companies have the power to repugn with Nike. But few study competitors such as Adidas and Reebok, Puma, Joma, Legea and Brooks exist.These companies signed up in the World Cup arena are more evenly matched than ever. With 32 teams participating in the world cup, 12 teams including Argentina, France, Germany and the host nation South Africa wore Adidas on them, and Adidas was the official sponsor of the world cup. According to Hartmut Zastrow, executive conductor of Sport+Markt Adidas is still slightly ahead of Nike, on awareness and they have defended themselves well, but Nike is pushing aggressively.The fat checks from Nike and Adidas have not entirely priced rivals out of the market. With Nike and Adidas playing the equivalent of a possession game, the third-biggest soccer sponsor, Puma, has exploited unexpected openings in its rivals defenses an opportunistic strategy modeled on the playing style of Italy, Pumas biggest sponsorship. Puma is spend an estimated 30 million this year to sponsor teams in the 2010 World Cup, compared with 104 million for Nike and Umbro together and 85 million forPuma was also forward-looking in its identification of the marketing potential of aligning itself with African national teams, long before South Africa was chosen, in 2004, as the first World Cup host on the continent. In 1997, Puma signed up Cameroon, and it has strengthened its ties to Africa since then.Equipment manufacturers logos are the only branding allowed on World Cup soccer jerseys, in line of work with professional club soccer shirts, which generally also include another prominent sponsor, like a gambling, electronics or car brand. That means even lesser known labels can stand out.Joma, a small Spanish provider of athletic gear, has high hopes for its sponsorship of Honduras. The company expects its sales to rise 40 percent in that country this year and 15 percent in the United States, which has a large Honduran community, a spokeswoman said. Brooks, a U.S. maker of running shoes is supporting Chile. Legea, an Italian provider of sports equipment had signed an agreement to supply uniforms to the North Korean team, which is in the World Cup for the first time since 1966.Self-EvaluationNike has planted itself firmly on the global bus iness arena and appears to be a role model for other sportswear rivals. They have proved to be innovative, smart, environmentally friendly, and consistent with their product effectiveness and differentiation. For the company to continuously grow and sustain its competitive advantage, it is essential to invest on innovation and new products development that creates a need for the consumers. Nike appears to be a stylish, comfortable, and a reliable giant supplier with varieties of product line. The most informative part of this assignment was learning about capital investment firm make in order to dominate the market. There is also evidence of Hypercompetiton or rather cut throat competition within the industry amongst the major market challengers. Nikes attempt to snatch Germany away from Adidas, a German brand and the lucrative investments on acquisitions and sponsorship are evidence of desperate challenge for sustaining its dominance in the market.ConclusionFrom equipping athletes with the finest sports equipment in the world to continuously improving their financial performance, Nike dominates its competitors. Despite a changing marketplace for athletic footwear, Nike continues to expand its product lines and marketing reach to become a more powerful global brand. Due to the product differentiation, brand identity has an immediate competitive advantage.Aggressive promotions and advertisements also contribute to the success of Nikes well establishment in the industry. Nike has signed France to a seven-year deal and it will pay the countrys soccer federation more than 40 million a year to maintain hard grounds on its position for the next tournament, in 2014 in Brazil. The agreement will leapfrog France past England, making its shirts the most lavishly sponsored uniforms in international soccer.

Lsd And Mainstream 1960s Media :: essays research papers

Despite the negative portrayal in mainstream 1960s media, justifications expressed by counterculture activists for further investigation, education and experimentation under regimen control of lysergic acid diethylamide were rational and valid arguments. Sex, drugs, protests, war, political upheaval, cultural chaos, and social rebellion the many comforts TV dinner eating, republican voting, church going, suburbia conformists tried to neglect through conservative exemplars, town meetings, and The Andy Williams Family Hour. National consciousness in 1960s United States was alive, only existed differently in every mind it dwelled, and stirred uninterrupted in every life to which it was introduced. A dream of money, success, and a house with a white picket fence still existed within the pandemonium of the democracy and many still relished in the idea of Americanism. Television was a base for a magnitude of world news and national information. Television situation comedies created ideal families and contenting distractions from unsettling national realities. Mainstream media, both fact and fiction, influenced the nations minds resulting in the effect of political change and further media influence over the government. The new decade, along with the effect of the Vietnam War and the strong influence of television, began to leak from the cracks of the nation a new counterculture of rebellious teenagers, unfamiliar narcotics, and a wave of promiscuity. Among the many issues and events molding our nation into a new decade, came the question of government and mind control. For some it was the next step into human evolution, a potential tool for mind control, a liberator of human kind, but for most LSD helped define 1960s counterculture, in which it was deeply rooted. LSD has proved that the mind contains much higher powers and energies, beyond the average10% of the brain that a emblematic human uses. These powers and energies, under the right circumstances, can be gulln advantage of to benefit human kind spiritually, creatively, therapeutically, and intellectually. LSD has given human kind the natural selection to chemically trigger mental energies and powers. Arguments that LSD is potentially a dangerous discovery and mind control should be strictly prohibited by the government holds much validity, although there are benefits and arguments of personal freedom of neurology to consider. Whether LSD reflects negativity as a weapon and mind control drug, or radiates euphory as a mind-expanding chemical and sacrament, the choice to engage in such an experience should be through personal reasoning. It is not the states and other bureaucracies duties to take control of the human brain and body.

Essay --

In globalization, there are many certain forms of activism to tackle certain issues. Whether its using a form of activism to accomplish some matter as small as receiving someones stolen cell phone, protesting and standing up for African American freedom rights or victorious down an authoritarian regime, it all takes some sort of activism to promote, establish, and accomplish change. Some forms of activism are far more affective than others. In terms of political and sociable change, strong-tied high-risk activism is far more affective than weak-tied social-media activism (Gladwell, 2010).To be effective in accomplishing political and social change, people occupy to have some sort of face-to-face interconnectedness to a movement (Gladwell, 2010, p. 44). In the recitation reading of Gladwells story, personal connections and relations gave courage to four African American students to demand and can awareness for freedom and equality rights and to start the Freedom Summer Sit-In move ment with success (Gladwell, 2010, p. 45). To properly tackle political and social change, you also need some sort of organization and strong hierarchal power to stand behind your movement. A good example of this in Gladwells story is when he uses Al Qaeda as an example. According to Gladwell (2010), Al Qaeda was most dangerous when it was a unified hierarchy. Now that it has dissipated into a network, it has proved far less(prenominal) effective (p. 48). Having a hierarchal power behind your movement also puts a face on a movement and reminds you what you are standing up for.Social media activism lacks the basic components of what is needed to make real political and social movements such as individuals not being directly affect or affected. Social networks are effect... ... freedom and openness and inequalities compared globally to the rest of the world. They are now pushing for change, equality, freedom, and striving for the same privileges and rights that most successful unqu estionable and developing countries have already established. Some forms of activism are better than others at tackling certain issues. High-risk activism opposed to social-media activism, is far more effective and well worthy in successfully accomplishing high-scale and high-risk global equality issues. Demanding race equality, taking down and building authoritarian regimes, demanding for constitutional revisions, and raising awareness have greater chances of success if approached in a high-risk activism approach. Social-media is more of an awareness approach, but once awareness is raised, then it takes a higher and riskier activism to see the whole thing through.